Basic Health Habit No.11: Hygiene
Hygiene is two thirds of health
Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease.
Hygiene is also the branch of science concerned with the promotion and preservation of health.
Hygiene is also the branch of science concerned with the promotion and preservation of health.
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WHAT IS HEALTH?
WHAT IS HEALTH?
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism.
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.
This means that the principle life, and health-supporting physiological functions are involved in providing the necessary elements for:
The necessary elements for the physiological functions of health are dependent on and supplied by your Basic Health Habits.
Health relates only to an intact flesh and blood body.
In humans, health is also the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental, or social challenges.
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Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.
This means that the principle life, and health-supporting physiological functions are involved in providing the necessary elements for:
- cellular function
- cellular building and repair
- elimination of waste by-products
The necessary elements for the physiological functions of health are dependent on and supplied by your Basic Health Habits.
Health relates only to an intact flesh and blood body.
In humans, health is also the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental, or social challenges.
Hygiene and Health History
From the onset of the industrial revolution until fairly recently, it was something of an accomplishment to live through childhood. Even when people made it through the deadly childhood years, there were a host of infectious diseases waiting to strike them down. In the last 150 years or so, there has been a remarkable transformation in both the life expectancy of the population of the industrialized world and the manner in which people die.
The conventional understanding of this transformation is one of biomedical triumph.
A popular explanation of the epidemiological transition is that the germs that caused infectious disease mortality were defeated by the magic bullets of mainstream medicine (pasteurization, antibiotics, surgery, and pharmaceuticals) over the course of the 20th century, permitting the population to get old enough to get the chronic diseases of heart disease and cancer.
This explanation is false.
Politics, Economy, and Health
The most important causes of infectious disease were the political and economic structures that favoured capital at the expense of labour so blatantly that it left a large portion of the working population virtually at death's door. This was remedied only when resistance by labour created a more livable workday, child labour laws, and a higher wage, resulting in improvements in nutrition, housing, and subsequent advances in hygiene.
Chronic disease increased as industries transformed the production process by introducing more mechanized and chemically intensive production procedures. This has transformed our food, water, air, and work conditions in unprecedented ways and helped to create a historically unique, chronic disease pattern. To Live and Die in America by Robert Chernomas and Ian Hudson
Health Literacy
Canadians are health illiterate, and to be fair, we are uneducated. We are on our own when it comes to learning about health.
HEALTH COACH research identifies knowledge and understanding of health creation and maintenance, and a definitive system for healthy habit formation as the major contributing factors influencing health literacy in Canada.
HEALTH COACH research has identified 13 Basic Health Habits that are necessary universally, for human physiological health. This is the fundamental foundation of health missing, and needed to build a coherent and definitive infrastructure of education systems, government policy, and healthcare that actually includes health.
HEALTH COACH research is focused on providing the evidence to show that the basic health habits are not only necessary for physiological structural integrity and function, but also, when practiced together as a whole, the 13 Basic Health Habits are comprehensive enough to create and maintain health, to reduce the risk of disease, and for healthy habit formation.
The 13 Basic Health Habits are also a dependable system for evaluating health. Conventional medical tests give us our risk of particular conditions - high cholesterol warns of impending heart disease, for example, while high blood sugar predicts diabetes. Basic Health Habits, by contrast, help us to evaluate the basic needs to support healthy physiological function, give us an overall reading of how healthy we are, and supply the practical application to address any issues.
The 13 Basic Health Habits are also a dependable system for evaluating health. Conventional medical tests give us our risk of particular conditions - high cholesterol warns of impending heart disease, for example, while high blood sugar predicts diabetes. Basic Health Habits, by contrast, help us to evaluate the basic needs to support healthy physiological function, give us an overall reading of how healthy we are, and supply the practical application to address any issues.
A Professional Anecdotal Experience
Imagine my surprise, as an employee of a world-class spa, to discover some of the most pertinent examples of health illiteracy involving the guests and my health professional colleagues.
It was the lack of guest hygiene that resulted in a skin infection that lasted four months. It took that long to heal the infection, not because of a lack of effective treatment, but due to my continued exposure to unhygienic bodies.
Some of the contributing factors to the poor state of guest hygiene involved: mouth breathing; neglect of basic health habits - resulting in a cascade effect of health complications; unhealthy habits; extreme fitness, weight-loss, detox, and supplementation behaviours; medications; surgery; disease; and often more dangerous to the therapist - the disease treatment itself; as well as poor personal hygiene.
When a fellow employee inadvertently saw my skin infection, she cried out in alarm, asking had I been attacked by an animal?
I witnessed a continual plague of infection among my colleagues, and when I tested their ability to resolve these health issues, not one could offer any practical knowledge or meaningful understanding.
It was the lack of guest hygiene that resulted in a skin infection that lasted four months. It took that long to heal the infection, not because of a lack of effective treatment, but due to my continued exposure to unhygienic bodies.
Some of the contributing factors to the poor state of guest hygiene involved: mouth breathing; neglect of basic health habits - resulting in a cascade effect of health complications; unhealthy habits; extreme fitness, weight-loss, detox, and supplementation behaviours; medications; surgery; disease; and often more dangerous to the therapist - the disease treatment itself; as well as poor personal hygiene.
When a fellow employee inadvertently saw my skin infection, she cried out in alarm, asking had I been attacked by an animal?
I witnessed a continual plague of infection among my colleagues, and when I tested their ability to resolve these health issues, not one could offer any practical knowledge or meaningful understanding.
Thermal Comfort in the Workplace
I had to educate myself about thermal comfort after suffering through months of prolonged, extreme thermal conditions at the spa. Even though the spa is equipped with a sophisticated system, it was a lack of knowledge among the health professional employees and the guests, and an inequality of power, that had the greatest influence on the situation.
Despite ongoing complaints from the guests, we worked in massage and aesthetic treatment rooms as hot as 30°C (86°F), with multiple sources of radiant heat, and high humidity; soaked for 36 hours a week through to our undergarments, and dripping wet on the guests.
I do not meet individuals, health, or medical professionals that understand what health is or can identify what is unhealthy; it is uncommon knowledge. Working at a world-class spa was the most unhealthy, unsafe experience of my 40 year career as a health professional. excerpt from Massage Confidential: A Professional Memoir
Despite ongoing complaints from the guests, we worked in massage and aesthetic treatment rooms as hot as 30°C (86°F), with multiple sources of radiant heat, and high humidity; soaked for 36 hours a week through to our undergarments, and dripping wet on the guests.
I do not meet individuals, health, or medical professionals that understand what health is or can identify what is unhealthy; it is uncommon knowledge. Working at a world-class spa was the most unhealthy, unsafe experience of my 40 year career as a health professional. excerpt from Massage Confidential: A Professional Memoir
In the DO YOU KNOW? section below, you will find useful information about thermal comfort standards for health.
- Canadians do not have the knowledge or understanding of basic health creation, and maintenance, or of healthy habit formation necessary for physiological health.
- The abundance of information available has not helped to gain the knowledge and understanding of basic health because it is incoherent, lacks a definitive system of education, and due to the distractions of popular trends of extreme body image, fitness, and weight-loss behaviours that have developed to fill the void.
- We have a social responsibility to be healthy. This is especially true in a social system of Medicare, like we have here in Canada. Doing nothing to care for your health is neglectful; cultivating unhealthy habits is self-abusive.
- All of the skills required for a happy, healthy, and successful life are learned; they must be modelled, taught, and learned.
- Basic Health Habits are learned behaviours, and the younger the age that we learn these habits, the more likely they are to be our dependable, and default system, especially in response to unexpected demands and unplanned stress.
- A formal, coherent, and definitive system is needed to introduce health into our infrastructures of education, government policy, and maybe even healthcare itself.
- No pill, cure, or, therapy can replace Basic Health Habits.
- Canadians can no longer afford to support a disease culture of Healthcare.
- Chronic Disease: Canadians are leading the worldwide epidemic of chronic disease with high blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and body mass. 89% of all deaths in Canada, compared with 63% in the world, are from noncommunicable disease such as cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. We are leading by more than a 30% margin.
- The majority of patients in the Canadian healthcare system are living with one or more chronic diseases and are the most common causes of hospitalization and premature death in Canada. Together, these chronic diseases account for 80% of primary care visits and more than two-thirds of medical costs. Canadians spend more than $200 billion a year on publicly funded medicare.
- Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) statistics: 1 in 5 Canadians = 7, 259, 642 people, MetS is a condition that describes the clustering of risk markers that increase an individual's likelihood of developing chronic disease: high blood sugar, increased girth, high blood pressure, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL). A number of leading chronic conditions have been shown to be associated with MetS. These include cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, cancers, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- Spending on healthcare in Canada continues to outpace growth in government program spending and economic growth (Canadian Institute for Health Information 2005b). A study by the Fraser Institute found that if recent trends persist, provincial government spending on healthcare will consume more than half of total revenues from all sources in six of 10 provinces by the year 2020. These trends leave the provinces with three immediate options: increase revenue (most likely through a variety of tax schemes, including premiums or higher marginal rates) to pay for the increasing cost of healthcare; aggressively reduce the costs of healthcare; or reduce spending on other areas of provincial responsibility such as education, social services, income support, roads, and other physical infrastructure.
- If health has an equal place alongside critical care and cure, profit and progress; better choices are made, and the benefits are more comprehensive and sustainable.
- Healthy environment and citizens is the most profitable choice individually, and collectively.
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Hygiene and Atopic Disease
The hygiene hypothesis was first formulated in 1989 by an epidemiologist, Dr Strachan, who observed that there was an inverse relationship between family size and development of atopic allergic disorders - the more children in a family, the less likely they were to develop these allergies. From this, he hypothesized that lack of exposure to infections in early childhood transmitted by contact with older siblings could be a cause of the rapid rise in atopic disorders over the last thirty to forty years. Strachan further proposed that the reason why this exposure no longer occurs is, not only because of the trend towards smaller families, but also improved household amenities and higher standards of personal cleanliness.
Although there is substantial evidence that some microbial exposures in early childhood can protect against allergies by conditioning the immune system, there is no evidence that we need exposure to harmful microbes (infection) or that we need to suffer a clinical infection. Nor is there evidence that hygiene measures such as hand washing, food hygiene etc. are linked to increased susceptibility to atopic disease. If this is the case, there is no conflict between the goals of preventing infection and minimizing allergies. A consensus is now developing among experts that the answer lies in more fundamental changes in lifestyle that have led to decreased exposure to certain microbial or other species, such as helminths, that are important for development of immuno-regulatory mechanisms.
chain of infection transmission
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A strong collective mindset has become established that dirt is healthy and hygiene somehow unnatural. This has caused concern that everyday life hygiene behaviours, which are the foundation of public health, are being undermined. In response to the need for effective codes of hygiene in home and everyday life settings the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene has developed a risk-based approach, based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), which has come to be known as targeted hygiene. Targeted hygiene is based on identifying the routes of spread of pathogens in the home, and applying hygiene procedures at critical points at appropriate times to break the chain of infection.
The big blob in the lower right is most likely a Bacillus species which is commonly found in dirt. The white is staphylococcus bacteria and the coloured colonies are probably yeast.
Human Biology
For every human cell in your body, there are ten non-human cells. They weigh approximately three pounds - the average weight of an adult brain. These micro-organisms are composed of millions of genes compared to the 20,000 identified genes that form the human genome. The term human being is being replaced with the term human organism by microbiologists to reflect the reality that the human genome is one of a myriad genomes dictating the human experience in both health and disease.
The human body is an ecosystem of complimentary, co-dependent, and cooperative systems, functioning together to maintain health and designed to heal itself. Regarding our personal health care, our primary behaviour should involve the support of these natural functions with the practise of basic health habits.
Neglect of basic health habits leads to physical deterioration, malfunction, a cascade effect of health complications, and finally, to disease.
As long as we are made of flesh and blood, we are bound by natural laws. If your present system of health care is not built on a foundation of understanding and support of the natural functions of your body, then it is a faulty system.
Our skin is an anatomical barrier that protects us from pathogens and damage. It is an ecosystem of cells which are a part of our adaptive immune system and a balance of millions of bacterial floral microorganisms needed for health. It contains cells for pigmentation, blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous oil glands and tubular coiled sweat glands. It has a variety of nerve endings which react to heat and cold, touch, pressure and injury.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and is often called the third kidney because of its important role in elimination. It is more complex than the kidneys or any other organ, except the brain.
Our modern lifestyle makes most people's skin inactive. Many of us don't sweat, especially during the winter months. Modern synthetic fibres or tight clothing that don't allow the skin to breathe, can damage our skin and our natural ability for elimination, as does excessive prolonged sun exposure. A sedentary lifestyle also inactivates the skin.
Antiperspirants, artificial environments, pollution, inactivity, diet, stress, synthetic clothing, and poor skin hygiene to remove dirt, dead skin; and oil and sweat secretions - affect skin health.
The Acid Mantle is a protective, slightly acidic (pH 4.5-5.5), micro-flora, hydro-lipid film on the surface of skin that prevents the growth of fungi and bacteria.
Your skin’s acid mantle is made up of the following:
These friendly secretions help with the the metabolism of your skin:
The human body is an ecosystem of complimentary, co-dependent, and cooperative systems, functioning together to maintain health and designed to heal itself. Regarding our personal health care, our primary behaviour should involve the support of these natural functions with the practise of basic health habits.
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Neglect of basic health habits leads to physical deterioration, malfunction, a cascade effect of health complications, and finally, to disease.
As long as we are made of flesh and blood, we are bound by natural laws. If your present system of health care is not built on a foundation of understanding and support of the natural functions of your body, then it is a faulty system.
The Skin and Sweat Glands
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The skin is the largest organ of the body and is often called the third kidney because of its important role in elimination. It is more complex than the kidneys or any other organ, except the brain.
Our modern lifestyle makes most people's skin inactive. Many of us don't sweat, especially during the winter months. Modern synthetic fibres or tight clothing that don't allow the skin to breathe, can damage our skin and our natural ability for elimination, as does excessive prolonged sun exposure. A sedentary lifestyle also inactivates the skin.
Antiperspirants, artificial environments, pollution, inactivity, diet, stress, synthetic clothing, and poor skin hygiene to remove dirt, dead skin; and oil and sweat secretions - affect skin health.
The Acid Mantle is a protective, slightly acidic (pH 4.5-5.5), micro-flora, hydro-lipid film on the surface of skin that prevents the growth of fungi and bacteria.
Your skin’s acid mantle is made up of the following:
- Water
- Lactic acid
- Urocanic acid
- Fatty acids
- Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid
- Eccrine glands which secrete amino acids.
These friendly secretions help with the the metabolism of your skin:
- Protect against environmental assaults
- Secrete enzymes, that break down excess sebum in the skin
- Prevent bad bacteria and viruses from entering the blood stream
- Keep your skin soft and supple, so it stays free from cracks and abrasions
- Boost the immune system, which produces antigens close to the skins surface; these antigens retard the growth of bad bacteria, known as pathogens
Skin is an important part of temperature regulation with a blood supply that allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Our skin is a semipermeable barrier and controls the evaporation of fluid. Loss of this function contributes to massive fluid loss, such as in the case of severe burns.
Our skin is also water resistant and acts as a barrier so that essential nutrients aren't washed out of the body. It is an important storage area for lipids and water and for the synthesis of vitamin D. Aesthetically, others see our skin and assess our mood, physical state and attractiveness.
Epidermis
Is the outer layer of skin and does not contain blood vessels but is nourished by capillaries in the upper layers of the dermis. Layers (strata) of cells are formed and move up the strata, changing shape and composition, a process that takes weeks to occur. The epidermis has 25 - 30 layers of dead skin.
Dermis
Lies beneath the epidermis and consists of connective tissue that supports and cushions the body from stress and strain. It has a rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles and sweat and oil glands. It is here that a pattern of ridges forms finger prints that make us genetically unique and this is where tattoo ink is held and stretch marks form. Collagen, elastin and protein fibers give strength, extensibility and elastic integrity to our skin. The hyperdermis is the subcutaneous tissue that attaches the skin to muscle and bone and contains 50% of the body's fat.
SEM (Scanning Electron Micrograph)
Sweat Glands
We have two types of sweat glands located in the dermal layer of the skin. Apocrine sweat glands are more superficial (closer to the surface), respond to emotional stimulus and are located in the groin and around the nipples and secrete into hair follicles. Apocrine sweat gland activity starts at puberty and contains pheromones which are chemicals that respond to and communicate information to other individuals. These glands are controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System and by circulating hormones.
Merocrine, also known as Eccrine sweat glands, are more numerous, smaller and more widespread than apocrine sweat glands. We have 2.6-3 million eccrine sweat glands and they do not extend as far into the dermis as the apocrine glands and they discharge directly onto the surface of the skin through pores. We have the highest number on the palms of our hands and the soles of our feet to cause friction and to give us grip. Body heat stimulates the part of the brain called the hypothalamus which controls body temperature and is located above the brain stem. The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and neural and hormonal responses stimulate eccrine sweat gland activity.
Sweat
Sweat contains mostly water derived from blood plasma along with electrolytes and urea and may also contain lactic acid and other wastes and toxins. As well as regulating body temperature and excretion, sweating gives us protection from environmental hazards by diluting harmful chemicals and discouraging the growth of infectious microorganisms. Sweat is odourless. It is the contact with bacteria which causes odour and this is influenced by hygiene, diet, lifestyle, genetics, medication, health and gender.
Death by accumulated poisons occurs in a matter of hours if sweat gland activity is blocked. Properly cared for skin is better able to resist infection, protect our body and regulate body temperature.
In a systematic review, published in the Journal of Environmental and Public Health, regarding toxic levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in sweat, heat regulatory mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system are often affected, resulting in a failure to sweat readily. With toxic elements ubiquitous in our air, water, food, and the physical environment, as well as in many consumer products, prudent avoidance is not always possible. The study also stated that the signs and symptoms of chronic disease are consistent with effects of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and/or mercury. All four elements are confirmed carcinogens, and they exhibit wide-ranging toxic effects on many bodily systems, including the nervous, endocrine, renal, musculoskeletal, immunological, and cardiovascular systems, and need to be included as probable cause in diagnosis by physicians in clinical practice. The study concluded that sweating, with sauna or steam bath use, with the aid of hydration, nutrition, and exercise is the most effective heavy metal detox.
A Practical Guide
for healthy hygiene
before/after public outings
before/after social interactions
before/after social interactions
- The HEALTH COACH Personal Hygiene Test coming soon
- Greening Your Hygiene coming soon
- What Is Your Body Trying To Tell You? How To Listen To Your Body ... stay tuned for more
DO YOU KNOW?
Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) is a systematic preventive approach to food safety from biological, chemical, and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished product to be unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce these risks to a safe level.
Sternutation: is the semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa - also known as a sneeze. It is an important part of the first line of immune defence. The sneeze reflex involves various nerves in the brainstem that control muscles in the throat and lungs. During a sneeze, the soft palate and palatine uvula are lowered while the back of the tongue rises to partially close the passage to the mouth so that air expelled by the lungs can exit the nose. Because the mouth closes only partially, much of this air is also expelled through it.
The air can be expelled by the nose at high speeds - up to 160 kilometres per hour. The force of a sneeze can send 100,000 germs across a distance of 5 to 32 feet.
The difference between allergic sneezing and infectious sneezes is that the latter involves a rise in body temperature. When the ethmoidal nerve on the sides of the inside of the nose is stimulated by mild electricity, one almost inevitably sneezes at least once, while photic sneezes are triggered by light and solar sneezes by exposure to the sun. Here, it is not the nose but the iris in the eye that reacts to trigger a sneeze.
Sternutation: is the semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa - also known as a sneeze. It is an important part of the first line of immune defence. The sneeze reflex involves various nerves in the brainstem that control muscles in the throat and lungs. During a sneeze, the soft palate and palatine uvula are lowered while the back of the tongue rises to partially close the passage to the mouth so that air expelled by the lungs can exit the nose. Because the mouth closes only partially, much of this air is also expelled through it.
The air can be expelled by the nose at high speeds - up to 160 kilometres per hour. The force of a sneeze can send 100,000 germs across a distance of 5 to 32 feet.
How Far Do Sneezes and Vomit Travel?
Gross Science
The difference between allergic sneezing and infectious sneezes is that the latter involves a rise in body temperature. When the ethmoidal nerve on the sides of the inside of the nose is stimulated by mild electricity, one almost inevitably sneezes at least once, while photic sneezes are triggered by light and solar sneezes by exposure to the sun. Here, it is not the nose but the iris in the eye that reacts to trigger a sneeze.
Thermal Comfort:
According to official national and international Government Occupational Safety and Health Standards, to have thermal comfort means that a person wearing a normal amount of clothing feels neither too cold nor too warm. Thermal comfort is important both for one's well-being and for productivity. It can be achieved only when the air temperature, humidity and air movement are within the specified range often referred to as the comfort zone.
When the conditions affecting thermal comfort are not in the recommended ranges, productivity, health, and safety are affected.
The factors that affect thermal comfort are:
Air temperature
Humidity
Radiant heat
Air speed
Physical activity
Clothing
Thermal comfort for people in sedentary occupations:
Summer: 19-24 degrees Celsius
Winter: 18-22 degrees Celsius
Humidity: 40-70%
Air speed: 0.1-0.2 m/s
Radiant Heat: No direct exposure to a radiant heat source
Thermal comfort for people in active occupations:
Summer: 16-21degrees Celsius
Winter: 16-19 degrees Celsius
Humidity: 40-70%
Air speed: 0.2 m/s
Radiant Heat: No direct exposure to a radiant heat source
Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating, called hyperhidrosis, can be affected by poor basic health habits, systemic illness, medications, infection, fever, stress, high emotional states, poor physical fitness, hot climate, hot internal environments, alcohol, diabetes, insulin, unhealthy menopause, hormonal imbalance, lymphoma, thyroid disease, nervous system or hypothalamic disorders, Parkinson's disease, adrenal or pituitary tumours, tuberculosis, or drug withdrawal.
McClintock Effect: Apocrine sweat gland secretions of women can alter the menstrual timing of other women.
Second Skin: A silicone-based polymer that can be applied on the skin as a thin, imperceptible coating, mimics the mechanical and elastic properties of healthy, youthful skin. In tests with human subjects, the researchers found that the material was able to reshape puffiness under the lower eyelids and also enhance skin hydration. With further development, second skin could also be used to deliver drugs to help treat skin conditions such as eczema and other types of dermatitis, and adapted to provide long-lasting ultraviolet protection, the researchers say.
Tattoo Inoculation Hypothesis: Saliva taken before and after getting new ink was tested for levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody known to fight infections, and cortisol, a stress hormone that suppresses the immune response. The study found that getting your first tattoo causes a big drop in immunoglobulin A caused by a rise in cortisol levels. As the number of tattoos received increased, the immunoglobulin A levels decreased less, meaning the immune system had been strengthened by getting the previous ones.
Occupational or Industrial Hygiene is the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control and prevention of hazards from work that may result in injury, illness, or affect the well being of workers. These hazards or stressors are typically divided into the categories biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic and psychosocial
Credit
Header Art: Twice Into The Stream by Meltem Isik
Header Quote: Lebanese Proverb
Woman Standing by Frédéric Forest
Pate on Toast - Bacteria in Your Mouth
HEALTH COACH
Hygiene Research References
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Pate on Toast - Bacteria in Your Mouth
HEALTH COACH
Hygiene Research References
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